Journal
MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY
Volume 28, Issue 2, Pages 193-200Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/mve.12044
Keywords
Cattle; essential oils; horn flies; Muscidae; repellents; sunflower oil
Categories
Funding
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
- Organic Meadows Co-Operative Inc.
- Dairy Farmers of Ontario
- Agricultural Adaptation Council
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Plant essential oils (basil, geranium, balsam fir, lavender, lemongrass, peppermint, pine and tea tree), mixed with either sunflower oil or ethyl alcohol, were applied at 5% concentrations to the sides of Holstein cattle. Pastured cattle treated with essential oils diluted in sunflower oil had less flies than the untreated control for a 24-h period. However, the essential oil treatments were not significantly different than the carrier oil alone. Barn-held heifers treated with essential oils and sunflower oil alone had significantly less flies than the untreated control for up to 8h after treatment. Basil, geranium, lavender, lemongrass and peppermint repelled more flies than sunflower oil alone for a period ranging from 1.5 to 4h after treatments applied to heifers. All essential oils repelled>75% of the flies on the treated area for 6 and 8h on pastured cows and indoor heifers, respectively. Geranium, lemongrass and peppermint stayed effective for a longer duration. Essential oils mixed with ethyl alcohol demonstrated less repellence than when mixed with the carrier oil. Safer's soap, natural pyrethrins without piperonyl butoxide and ethyl alcohol alone were not efficient at repelling flies. Essential oils could be formulated for use as fly repellents in livestock production.
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