Biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using indigenous and modified lignocellulosic materials

This critical review emphasizes on the potential applications of low-cost lignocellulosic material in the field of heavy metal pollution remediation. It contains the information related to binding mechanism, relative uptake capacities, effect of modification on increment in uptake capacities, equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic modeling involved. This effort offers a good understanding about the role of functional groups in biosorption process. However, there exists a large barrier which inhibits the industry to switch on the biosorption process in place of conventional technologies. Future investigations on (1) assessment of low-cost lignocellulosic materials on multi-metal samples and real world samples, (2) low-cost methods of modification, (3) development of multifunctional lignocellulosic materials can help to decrease this barrier.