Dynamic freeze casting for the production of porous titanium (Ti) scaffolds

This paper proposes dynamic freeze casting as a new manufacturing technique for producing porous Ti scaffolds with a uniform porous structure and good ductility. In this method, Ti/camphene slurries with various initial Ti contents (15, 20, and 25 vol.%) were frozen at 44 degrees C for 12 h in rotation, which allowed for the extensive growth of camphene crystals and the uniform construction of walls made of Ti particles. All the fabricated samples showed spherical-like pores surrounded by dense Ti walls that were uniformly formed after sintering at 1300 degrees C for 2 h in a vacuum. The porosity decreased from 71 to 52 vol.% with an increase in Ti content from 15 to 25 vol.%, whereas the pore size decreased from 362 to 95 mu m. On the other hand, the compressive strength and stiffness increased considerably from 57 +/- 4 to 183 +/- 6 MPa and from 1.3 +/- 0.5 to 5.0 +/- 0.8 GPa, respectively, due to the decrease in the porosity of the samples. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.