Synthesis of Sn-doped ZnO nanorods and their photocatalytic properties

Sn-doped ZnO nanorods were fabricated by a hydrothermal route, and characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, UV-vis spectroscopy, Raman spectra, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, and room temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy. Solid-state NMR result confirms that Sn4+ was successfully incorporated into the crystal lattice of ZnO. Room temperature photoluminescence showed that all the as-synthesized products exhibited a weak UV emission (380 nm) and a strong visible emission (540 nm), but the intensities of the latter emission increased with increase in Sn concentration. The improvement of visible emission at 540 nm in the Sndoped ZnO samples was suggested to be a result of the lattice defects increased by doping of Sn in zinc oxide. In addition, the photocatalytic studies indicated that Sn-doped ZnO nanorods are a kind of promising photocatalyst in remediation of water polluted by some chemically stable azo dyes. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.