Comparative review of marine mammal guidance implemented during naval exercises

This article reviews the types and effectiveness of marine mammal mitigation measures used during some naval activities worldwide. The three main standard methods used to mitigate the potential impacts of naval sonar sound on marine mammals are (1) time/area planning (of exercises/active sonar use) to avoid marine mammals: (2) implementation of operational procedures (e.g. 'soft start' - where sound levels are gradually increased over time): and (3) monitoring of animals for the purpose of maintaining an 'exclusion zone' around the sound source. Suggestions towards a minimum worldwide mitigation standard are made. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.