Journal
MARINE DRUGS
Volume 12, Issue 5, Pages 2700-2730Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/md12052700
Keywords
Cephalopoda; cuttlefish; funnel organ; ink; ink sac; melanin; neuroecology; octopus; predator-prey; squid
Categories
Funding
- National Science Foundation [NSF IOS-1036742]
- Direct For Biological Sciences
- Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems [1036742] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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One of the most distinctive and defining features of coleoid cephalopods-squid, cuttlefish and octopus-is their inking behavior. Their ink, which is blackened by melanin, but also contains other constituents, has been used by humans in various ways for millennia. This review summarizes our current knowledge of cephalopod ink. Topics include: (1) the production of ink, including the functional organization of the ink sac and funnel organ that produce it; (2) the chemical components of ink, with a focus on the best known of these-melanin and the biochemical pathways involved in its production; (3) the neuroecology of the use of ink in predator-prey interactions by cephalopods in their natural environment; and (4) the use of cephalopod ink by humans, including in the development of drugs for biomedical applications and other chemicals for industrial and other commercial applications. As is hopefully evident from this review, much is known about cephalopod ink and inking, yet more striking is how little we know. Towards closing that gap, future directions in research on cephalopod inking are suggested.
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