Demand response for sustainable energy systems: A review, application and implementation strategy

The growth of advanced metering infrastructure, enhanced communication infrastructure in power grids, and the ability of end-user consumer to actively participate helps in realizing vision of sustainable energy systems. Demand response (DR) programs are developed in order to deploy this ability and make power grids more efficient, environmental friendly, and reliable. This paper presents a review of DR, existing application and a possible implementation strategy in a smart grid environment. Furthermore, classification and status of DR programs in different U.S. electricity markets have been also discussed. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.