Trophic role of small cyclopoid copepod nauplii in the microbial food web: a case study in the coastal upwelling system off central Chile

Copepod grazing impact on planktonic communities has commonly been underestimated due to the lack of information on naupliar feeding behaviour and ingestion rates. That is particularly true for small cyclopoid copepods, whose nauplii are mainly in the microzooplankton size range (< 200 mu m). The trophic role of Oithona spp. nauplii was investigated off Concepcin (central Chile, similar to 36A degrees S) during the highly productive upwelling season, when maximum abundances of these nauplii were expected. Diet composition, ingestion rates, and food-type preferences were assessed through grazing experiments with different size fractions of natural planktonic assemblages (< 3, < 20, < 100, and < 125 mu m) and cultures of the nanoflagellate Isochrysis galbana. When the Oithona spp. nauplii were offered a wide range of size fractions as food (pico- to microplankton), they mostly ingested small (2-5 mu m) nanoflagellates (5-63 x 10(3) cells nauplius(-1) day(-1)). No ingestion on microplankton was detected, and picoplankton was mainly ingested when it was the only food available. Daily carbon (C) uptake by the nauplii ranged between 28 and 775 ng C nauplius(-1), representing an overall mean of 378% of their body C. Our relatively high ingestion rate estimates can be explained by methodological constraints in previous studies on naupliar feeding, including those dealing with over-crowding and edge effects. Overall, the grazing impact of the Oithona spp. nauplii on the prey C standing stocks amounts up to 21% (average = 13%) for picoplankton and 54% (average = 28%) for nanoplankton. These estimates imply that the nauplii of the most dominant cyclopoid copepods exert a significant control on the abundances of nanoplankton assemblages and, thereby, represent an important trophic link between the classical and microbial food webs in this coastal upwelling system.