Journal
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Volume 31, Issue 4, Pages 497-507Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2012.10.008
Keywords
Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI; Permeability; Reference region model; Pharmacokinetics; Linear models; Gd-DTPA
Funding
- University of Arizona Cancer Center
- National Cancer Institute [P50 CA95060, PO1 CA017094]
- US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command [W81XWH-09-1-0053]
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Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) has utility for improving clinical diagnoses of solid tumors, and for evaluating the early responses of anti-angiogenic chemotherapies. The Reference Region Model (RRM) can improve the clinical implementation of DCE-MRI by substituting the contrast enhancement of muscle for the Arterial Input Function that is used in traditional DCE-MRI methodologies. The RRM is typically fitted to experimental results with a non-linear least squares algorithm. This report demonstrates that this algorithm produces inaccurate and imprecise results when DCE-MRI results have low SNR or slow temporal resolution. To overcome this limitation, a linear least-squares algorithm has been derived for the Reference Region Model. This new algorithm improves accuracy and precision of fitting the Reference Region Model to DCE-MRI results, especially for voxel-wise analyses. This linear algorithm is insensitive to injection speeds, and has 300- to 8000-fold faster calculation speed relative to the non-linear algorithm. The linear algorithm produces more accurate results for over a wider range of permeabilities and blood volumes of tumor vasculature. This new algorithm, termed the Linear Reference Region Model, has strong potential to improve clinical DCE-MRI evaluations. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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