Study of the Chemical Environment inside Free Volume Holes in Halogenated Styrene Polymers Using Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy

In this paper, a systematic study is provided of the chemical environment inside free volume holes in a series of halogenated polystyrenes (p-position), -[CH2CH C6H5X](n)- (X = F, Cl, Br, I), by using positron annihilation spectroscopy. In such polymers it was determined that the chemical environment is the major effect on Doppler broadening of two 511 keV gamma photons from positron-electron annihilation. Doppler broadening energy spectroscopy (DBES) and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) were combined in a novel approach to study the chemical environment in a polymer system. A highly linear relationship between Doppler broadenings caused by electron kinetic energies of valence electrons and the ionization potentials of halogen elements was obtained, as well as a similar correlation with the results from ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculations for monohalogenobenzenes, C6H5X (X = F, Cl, Br, I). The results demonstrate that the combination of DBES and PALS may provide an effective way to study the chemical environment inside free volume holes in polymers.