Recruitment of PKC-beta II to lipid rafts mediates apoptosis-resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia expressing ZAP-70

ZAP-70 is a key signaling molecule in T cells. It couples the antigen-activated T-cell receptor to downstream signaling pathways. Its expression in leukemic B-cells derived from a subgroup of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is associated with an aggressive course of the disease. However, its implication for the pathogenesis of aggressive CLL is still unclear. In this study, we show that the expression of ZAP-70 enhances the signals associated with the B-cell receptor, recruiting protein kinase C-beta II (PKC-beta II) into lipid raft domains. Subsequently, PKC-bII is activated and shuttles from the plasma membrane to the mitochondria. We unravel that the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and its antagonistic BH3-protein Bim(EL) are putative substrates for PKC-beta II. PKC-beta II-mediated phosphorylation of Bcl-2 augments its antiapoptotic function by increasing its ability to sequester more pro-apoptotic Bim(EL). In addition, the phosphorylation of Bim(EL) by PKC-beta II leads to its proteasomal degradation. These changes confer leukemic cells to a more antiapoptotic state with aggressiveness of the disease. Most importantly, these molecular changes can be therapeutically targeted with the small molecule inhibitor Enzastaurin. We provide evidence that this compound is highly active in leukemic cells and augments the cytotoxic effects of standard chemotherapeutic drugs. Leukemia (2010) 24, 141-152; doi:10.1038/leu.2009.216; published online 12 November 2009