Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib: final analysis of the APPROVe trial

Background Selective inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase-2 has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events in several clinical trials. The Adenomatous Polyp Prevention on Vioxx (APPROVe) study assessed the effect of 3-year treatment with a cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor, rofecoxib (25 mg), on recurrence of neoplastic polyps of the large bowel. We report the cardiovascular outcomes of a long-term follow-up of participants in the trial. Methods The APPROVe study is a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. 2587 patients with a history of colorectal adenomas were recruited at 108 centres worldwide during 2000 and 2001. Participants were followed for adverse events while on treatment and during the following 14 days. However, after early termination of treatment because of cardiovascular toxicity, we attempted to follow tip all randomised patients for at least 1 year after stopping study treatment. External committees blindly assessed potential serious cardiovascular events. The focus of the analysis was the combined incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and death from cardiovascular, haemorrhagic, and unknown causes (Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration [APTC] combined endpoint). We used Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate endpoint hazard ratios. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT0282386. Findings We obtained extended post-treatment cardiovascular follow-up data from 84% of participants, and extended mortality follow-up from 95%. In total, 59 individuals had an APTC endpoint in the rofecoxib group and 34 in the placebo group (hazard ratio 1. 79, 95% CI 1. 17-2-73; p=0.006). In the first year after cessation of treatment, there was a non-significant increase in the risks of APTC endpoints. The APTC hazard ratio did not substantially change over time. Interpretation Use of rofecoxib is associated with increased rates of APTC events. Study data are compatible with an early increase in risk that persists for one year after stopping treatment. Funding Merck Research Laboratories.