Journal
LAB ON A CHIP
Volume 18, Issue 17, Pages 2653-2664Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00496j
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Funding
- National Institutes of Health [R01 HL111077]
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [R01 HL141752]
- University of Virginia Cardiovascular Research Center National Institutes of Health Training Grant [T32 HL007284]
- American Heart Association Pre-Doctoral Fellowship [16PRE30990065]
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Flow focusing microfluidic devices (FFMDs) have been investigated for the production of monodisperse populations of microbubbles for chemical, biomedical and mechanical engineering applications. High-speed optical microscopy is commonly used to monitor FFMD microbubble production parameters, such as diameter and production rate, but this limits the scalability and portability of the approach. In this work, a novel FFMD design featuring integrated electronics for measuring microbubble diameters and production rates is presented. A micro Coulter particle counter (CPC), using electrodes integrated within the expanding nozzle of an FFMD (FFMD-CPC), was designed, fabricated and tested. Finite element analysis (FEA) of optimal electrode geometry was performed and validated with experimental data. Electrical data was collected for 8-20 m diameter microbubbles at production rates up to 3.25 x 10(5) MB s(-1) and compared to both high-speed microscopy data and FEA simulations. Within a valid operating regime, Coulter counts of microbubble production rates matched optical reference values. The Coulter method agreed with the optical reference method in evaluating the microbubble diameter to a coefficient of determination of R-2 = 0.91.
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