Microfabricated perfusable cardiac biowire: a platform that mimics native cardiac bundle

Tissue engineering enables the generation of three-dimensional (3D) functional cardiac tissue for preclinical testing in vitro, which is critical for new drug development. However, current tissue engineering methods poorly recapitulate the architecture of oriented cardiac bundles with supporting capillaries. In this study, we designed a microfabricated bioreactor to generate 3D micro-tissues, termed biowires, using both primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and human embryonic stem cell (hESC) derived cardiomyocytes. Perfusable cardiac biowires were generated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tubing template, and were integrated with electrical field stimulation using carbon rod electrodes. To demonstrate the feasibility of this platform for pharmaceutical testing, nitric oxide (NO) was released from perfused sodium nitroprusside (SNP) solution and diffused through the tubing. The NO treatment slowed down the spontaneous beating of cardiac biowires based on hESC derived cardiomyocytes and degraded the myofibrillar cytoskeleton of the cardiomyocytes within the biowires. The biowires were also integrated with electrical stimulation using carbon rod electrodes to further improve phenotype of cardiomyocytes, as indicated by organized contractile apparatus, higher Young's modulus, and improved electrical properties. This microfabricated platform provides a unique opportunity to assess pharmacological effects on cardiac tissue in vitro by perfusion in a cardiac bundle model, which could provide improved physiological relevance.