Journal
PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE
Volume 46, Issue 4, Pages 807-818Publisher
CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291715002299
Keywords
Bipolar disorder; cognition; educational performance; familial vulnerability; intelligence; IQ; schizophrenia
Categories
Funding
- Dutch Health Research Council (ZON-MW) [10-000-1001]
- Lundbeck
- AstraZeneca
- Eli Lilly
- Janssen Cilag
- Amsterdam: Academic Psychiatric Centre of the Academic Medical Center)
- GGZ Ingeest
- Arkin
- Dijk en Duin
- GGZ Rivierduinen
- Erasmus Medical Centre
- GGZ Noord Holland Noord
- Maastricht: Maastricht University Medical Centre
- GGZ Eindhoven en de kempen
- GGZ Breburg
- GGZ Oost-Brabant
- Vincent van Gogh voor Geestelijke Gezondheid
- Mondriaan Zorggroep
- Prins Clauscentrum Sittard
- RIAGG Roermond
- Universitair Centrum Sint-Jozef Kortenberg
- CAPRI University of Antwerp
- PC Ziekeren Sint-Truiden
- PZ Sancta Maria Sint-Truiden
- GGZ Overpelt
- OPZ Rekem
- Groningen: University Medical Center Groningen
- Lentis
- GGZ Friesland
- GGZ Drenthe
- Dimence
- Mediant
- GGNet Warnsveld
- Yulius Dordrecht
- Parnassia psycho-medical center (The Hague)
- Utrecht: University Medical Center Utrecht
- Altrecht
- GGZ Centraal
- Riagg Amersfoort
- Delta
- National Institute of Mental Health [R01 MH090553]
- NWO (Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research) [91207039]
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Background. Schizophrenia is associated with lower intelligence and poor educational performance relative to the general population. This is, to a lesser degree, also found in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients. It is unclear whether bipolar disorder I (BD-I) patients and their relatives have similar lower intellectual and educational performance as that observed in schizophrenia. Method. This cross-sectional study investigated intelligence and educational performance in two outpatient samples [494 BD-I patients, 952 schizophrenia spectrum (SCZ) patients], 2231 relatives of BD-I and SCZ patients, 1104 healthy controls and 100 control siblings. Mixed-effects and regression models were used to compare groups on intelligence and educational performance. Results. BD-I patients were more likely to have completed the highest level of education (odds ratio 1.88, 95% confidence interval 1.66-2.70) despite having a lower IQ compared to controls (beta = -9.09, S.E. = 1.27, p < 0.001). In contrast, SCZ patients showed both a lower IQ (beta = -15.31, S.E. = 0.86, p < 0.001) and lower educational levels compared to controls. Siblings of both patient groups had significantly lower IQ than control siblings, but did not differ on educational performance. IQ scores did not differ between BD-I parents and SCZ parents, but BD-I parents had completed higher educational levels. Conclusions. Although BD-I patients had a lower IQ than controls, they were more likely to have completed the highest level of education. This contrasts with SCZ patients, who showed both intellectual and educational deficits compared to healthy controls. Since relatives of BD-I patients did not demonstrate superior educational performance, our data suggest that high educational performance may be a distinctive feature of bipolar disorder patients.
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