Evolution of female sperm-storage organs in the carrefour of stylommatophoran gastropods

The presence of specialized female sperm-storage organs has been recognized as an important factor influencing postcopulatory sexual selection via sperm competition and cryptic female choice in internally fertilizing species. We morphologically examined the complexity of sperm-storage organs in the carrefour (spermatheca and fertilization pouch) in 47 species of stylommatophoran gastropods. We used partial 28S rDNA sequences to construct a molecular phylogeny, and applied maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian methods to investigate the history of spermatheca diversification and to test different hypotheses of sperm-storage organ evolution. The phylogenetic reconstruction supported several gains and losses of spermathecae. Moreover, a complex spermatheca was associated with the occurrence of love darts or other kinds of auxiliary copulatory organs, the presence of a long penial flagellum, and cross-fertilization as the predominant mating system. However, our results also suggest associations of carrefour complexity with body size, reproductive strategy (semelparity versus iteroparity), reproductive mode (oviparity versus ovoviviparity), and habitat type. Carrefour length in 17 snail species possessing a spermatheca was positively correlated with sperm length. Our results indicate that postcopulatory sexual selection as well as life history and habitat specificity may have influenced the evolution of female sperm-storage organs in hermaphroditic gastropods.