Baffin Island and West Greenland Current Systems in northern Baffin Bay

Temperature, salinity, and direct velocity observations from northern Baffin Bay are presented from a summer 2003 survey. The data reveal interactions between fresh and cold Arctic waters advected southward along Baffin Island and salty and warm Atlantic waters advected northward along western Greenland. Geostrophic currents estimated from hydrography are compared to measured ocean currents above 600 m depth. The Baffin Island Current is well constrained by the geostrophic thermal wind relation, but the West Greenland Current is not. Furthermore, both currents are better described as current systems that contain multiple velocity cores and eddies. We describe a surface-intensified Baffin Island Current seaward of the continental slope off Canada and a bottom-intensified West Greenland Current over the continental slope off Greenland. Acoustic Doppler current profiler observations suggest that the West Greenland Current System advected about 3.8 +/- 0.27 Sv (Sv = 10(6) m(3) s(-1)) towards the northwest at this time. The most prominent features were a surface intensified coastal current advecting 0.5 Sv and a bottom intensified slope current advecting about 2.5 Sv in the same direction. Most of this north-westward circulation turned southward in the Baffin Island Current System. The Baffin Island system was transporting 5.1 +/- 0.24 Sv to the south-east at the time that includes additional contributions from Nares Strait to the north (1.0 +/- 0.2 Sv) and Lancaster Sound to the east (1.0 +/- 0.2 Sv). Net freshwater fluxes were 72 and 187 mSv for the West Greenland and Baffin Island Currents, respectively. Empirical uncertainty arises from unknown temporal variations at weekly time scales and pertubations introduced by unresolved eddies. Eddies with 10 km horizontal and 400 m vertical scales were common and recirculated up to 1 Sv. Our 2003 observations represent conditions when the North-Atlantic Oscillation index (NAO) was close to zero. Analysis of historical hydrographic data averaged along isobaths during NAO-positive years reveals a baroclinic circulation in Baffin Bay more intense than 2003 with stronger southward flow of fresher Arctic waters along Baffin Island and stronger northward inflow of saltier Atlantic waters along Greenland. During negative NAO years this cyclonic circulation weakens as evidenced by a 1979 synoptic survey of the hydrography along Baffin Island. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.