Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES
Volume 471, Issue 2184, Pages -Publisher
ROYAL SOC
DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2015.0641
Keywords
cardiac mechanics; verification; benchmark; VVUQ
Categories
Funding
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/J017272/1]
- National Institutes of Health [R01 HL103428, DP1 HL123271, R01 HL117063, P50 GM071558]
- National Science Foundation [IOS-1124804, ACI 1460334, DMS 1460368]
- British Heart Foundation [PG/14/64/31043, PG\13\37\30280]
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/I029990, EP/M012492/1]
- B.O.F. (Ghent University)
- Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [F3210-N18]
- European Union [611232]
- King's College London Graduate School Award
- Chilean Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (FONDECYT) [11121224]
- Department of Health via the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre
- King's College London
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
- Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [F 3201] Funding Source: researchfish
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/J017272/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- British Heart Foundation [PG/14/64/31043] Funding Source: researchfish
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/H019898/1, EP/M012492/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure (OAC)
- Direct For Computer & Info Scie & Enginr [1450327, 1460334] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- BBSRC [BB/J017272/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- EPSRC [EP/M012492/1, EP/I029990/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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Models of cardiac mechanics are increasingly used to investigate cardiac physiology. These models are characterized by a high level of complexity, including the particular anisotropic material properties of biological tissue and the actively contracting material. A large number of independent simulation codes have been developed, but a consistent way of verifying the accuracy and replicability of simulations is lacking. To aid in the verification of current and future cardiac mechanics solvers, this study provides three benchmark problems for cardiac mechanics. These benchmark problems test the ability to accurately simulate pressure-type forces that depend on the deformed objects geometry, anisotropic and spatially varying material properties similar to those seen in the left ventricle and active contractile forces. The benchmark was solved by 11 different groups to generate consensus solutions, with typical differences in higher-resolution solutions at approximately 0.5%, and consistent results between linear, quadratic and cubic finite elements as well as different approaches to simulating incompressible materials. Online tools and solutions are made available to allow these tests to be effectively used in verification of future cardiac mechanics software.
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