Temperature-dependent innate defense against the common cold virus limits viral replication at warm temperature in mouse airway cells

Most isolates of human rhinovirus, the common cold virus, replicate more robustly at the cool temperatures found in the nasal cavity (33-35 degrees C) than at core body temperature (37 degrees C). To gain insight into the mechanism of temperature-dependent growth, we compared the transcriptional response of primary mouse airway epithelial cells infected with rhinovirus at 33 degrees C vs. 37 degrees C. Mouse airway cells infected with mouse-adapted rhinovirus 1B exhibited a striking enrichment in expression of antiviral defense response genes at 37 degrees C relative to 33 degrees C, which correlated with significantly higher expression levels of type I and type III IFN genes and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) at 37 degrees C. Temperature-dependent IFN induction in response to rhinovirus was dependent on the MAVS protein, a key signaling adaptor of the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs). Stimulation of primary airway cells with the synthetic RLR ligand poly I: C led to greater IFN induction at 37 degrees C relative to 33 degrees C at early time points poststimulation and to a sustained increase in the induction of ISGs at 37 degrees C relative to 33 degrees C. Recombinant type I IFN also stimulated more robust induction of ISGs at 37 degrees C than at 33 degrees C. Genetic deficiency of MAVS or the type I IFN receptor in infected airway cells permitted higher levels of viral replication, particularly at 37 degrees C, and partially rescued the temperature-dependent growth phenotype. These findings demonstrate that in mouse airway cells, rhinovirus replicates preferentially at nasal cavity temperature due, in part, to a less efficient antiviral defense response of infected cells at cool temperature.