Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 112, Issue 44, Pages 13537-13542Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1503205112
Keywords
Broussonetia papyrifera; commensal approach; DNA of herbarium specimens; out of Taiwan hypothesis; Voyaging Corridor Triple
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Funding
- National Science Council, Taiwan [NSC-102-2621-B-002-007]
- Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (FONDECYT), Chile [1080633, 1120175]
- Office of World Austronesian Studies, Bureau of International Cultural and Educational Affairs, Ministry of Education, Taiwan
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The peopling of Remote Oceanic islands by Austronesian speakers is a fascinating and yet contentious part of human prehistory. Linguistic, archaeological, and genetic studies have shown the complex nature of the process in which different components that helped to shape Lapita culture in Near Oceania each have their own unique history. Important evidence points to Taiwan as an Austronesian ancestral homeland with a more distant origin in South China, whereas alternative models favor South China to North Vietnam or a Southeast Asian origin. We test these propositions by studying phylogeography of paper mulberry, a common East Asian tree species introduced and clonally propagated since prehistoric times across the Pacific for making barkcloth, a practical and symbolic component of Austronesian cultures. Using the hypervariable chloroplast ndhF-rpl32 sequences of 604 samples collected from East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceanic islands (including 19 historical herbarium specimens from Near and Remote Oceania), 48 haplotypes are detected and haplotype cp-17 is predominant in both Near and Remote Oceania. Because cp-17 has an unambiguous Taiwanese origin and cp-17-carrying Oceanic paper mulberries are clonally propagated, our data concur with expectations of Taiwan as the Austronesian homeland, providing circumstantial support for the out of Taiwan hypothesis. Our data also provide insights into the dispersal of paper mulberry from South China into North Taiwan, the out of South China-Indochina expansion to New Guinea, and the geographic origins of post-European introductions of paper mulberry into Oceania.
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