EGFR Array: Uses in the Detection of Plasma EGFR Mutations in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients

Introduction: We aim to develop a simple and sensitive array-based method for the detection of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations in the plasma of non-small-cell lung cancer patients and determine its use in the follow-up of those on tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. Method: DNA from 100 mu l of plasma was amplified in the presence of peptide nucleic acid clamp to provide single-stranded template for the allele-specific arrayed primer extension reaction, incorporating cyanine-5-deoxycytidine triphosphate in the newly synthesized strands. The fluorescent product was visualized by laser at 670 nm. Results: Eleven different types of EGFR TKI drug-sensitive mutants (SM) were identified in plasma-DNA from 46 of 51 patients. Five patients carried only wild-type sequence. Plasma-DNA finding was concordant in 36 of 37 cases with tumor-sequencing data. This method could detect as little as 62.5 copies of mutant L858R; 125 copies of E709K + G719A or 625 copies of del 746-750 in the presence of 100,000 copies of wild-type EGFR. In 21 patients on longitudinal follow-up for up to 18 months, SM was found in all initial plasma samples, except for three samples collected after recent chemotherapy. Nine of 16 patients (56%) who responded to TKI had undetectable plasma EGFR mutant. SM was present concurrently with drug-resistant mutant in 44% of patients with disease progression while on TKI, the remaining 56% might have other mechanisms of resistance. Conclusion: The EGFR array provides a sensitive, inexpensive, and robust method for monitoring non-small-cell lung cancer patients' response to TKI, and obviates the need of repeated lung biopsy.