Mechanical properties of ZrB2- and HfB2-based ultra-high temperature ceramics fabricated by spark plasma sintering

Flexural strengths at room temperature, at 1400 degrees C in air and at room temperature after 1 h oxidation at 1400 degrees C were determined for ZrB2- and HfB2-based ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs). Defects caused by electrical discharge machining (EDM) lowered measured strengths significantly and were used to calculate fracture toughness via a fracture mechanics approach. ZrB2 with 20 vol.% SiC had room temperature strength of 700 +/- 90 MPa, fracture toughness of 6.4 +/- 0.6 MPa, Vickers hardness at 9.8N load of 21.1 +/- 0.6 GPa, 1400 degrees C strength of 400 +/- 30 MPa and room temperature strength after 1 h oxidation at 1400 degrees C of 678 +/- 15 MPa with an oxide layer thickness of 45 +/- 5 mu m. HfB2 with 20 vol.% SiC showed room temperature strength of 620 +/- 50 MPa, fracture toughness of 5.0 +/- 0.4 MPa, Vickers hardness at 9.8 N load of 27.0 +/- 0.6 GPa, 1400 degrees C strength of 590 +/- 150 MPa and room temperature strength after 1 h oxidation at 1400 degrees C of 660 +/- 25 MPa with an oxide layer thickness of 12 +/- 1 mu m. 2 wt.% La2O3 addition to UHTCs slightly reduced mechanical performance while increasing tolerance to property degradation after oxidation and effectively aided internal stress relaxation during spark plasma sintering (SPS) cooling, as quantified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Slow crack growth was suggested as the failure mechanism at high temperatures as a consequence of sharp cracks formation during oxidation. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.