Journal
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION
Volume 27, Issue 5, Pages 538-546Publisher
AMER COLLEGE NUTRITION
DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2008.10719736
Keywords
(n-3) fatty acids; docosahexaenoic acid; eicosapentaenoic acid; direct quantitation; functional food; nutraceutical; fish
Categories
Funding
- GENESIS Young Investigator Award
- Canada Foundation for Innovation anc
- Ontario Research Fund
- Canadian Foundation for Dietetic Research
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Objective: North American diets are low in eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA). This investigation aims to assess the ability to increase EPA and DHA in the Canadian diet using traditional whole food. functional food or nutraceutical strategies. Methods: A typical Canadian diet (TC) was compared to four diets enriched with EPA and DHA hut with similar caloric and macronutrient composition: a nutraceutical fish oil capsule diet (FO), an EPA + DHA-enriched functional foods diet (ED). a traditional whole foods (fish) diet (TW) and a comprehensive diet combining fish with functional foods (FF) containing EPA + DHA and alpha-linolenic acid- Direct biochemical quantitations were performed for energy, protein. carbohydrate (proximate analysis) and far (gas chromatography). Costs of each diet and EPA + DHA source were assessed. Results: The FO (1.03 +/- 0.01 g EPA + DHA). ED (0-59 +/- 0.02g) TW (3.23 +/- 0.09g) and FIF (3.15 +/- 0.06g) diet,; provided significantly higher amounts of EPA - DHA compared to the TC diet (0.08 +/- 0.01 g). Using the TC diet as a baseline, the daily cost increase for each revised diet was S0.53 (FO) S0.82 (TW). S0.93 (ED) and S1.62 (FF). The cost per grain of EPA + DHA was lowest for fish oil nutraceuticals (S0.53/g). followed by fish (similar to S1.05/g). Conclusions: The EPA and DHA content of daily diets can be increased significantly and cost effectively using nutraceuticals, functional foods and whole foods. Several North American EPA + DHA recommendations for healthy individuals can be met using these strategies and American Heart Association recommendations for secondary coronary heart disease prevention can be met via traditional whole food, nutraceutical or combination approaches.
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