Effect of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass on the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Adipose Tissue from Obese Rats

Objective Obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation. We hypothesized that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery would reduce activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in metabolically active adipose tissue (AT) of obese rats, and this change would be related to decreases in body weight and improved glycemic control. Methods Omental, mesenteric and subcutaneous fat depots were collected from Sprague-Dawley rats: Sham control and RYGB; 90-days after surgery. NLRP3, caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), IL-1 beta, IL-18, IL-6 and MCP-1 gene and protein expression were quantified. Glucose metabolism was assessed by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Results Compared to Sham surgery controls, RYGB surgery decreased IL-6, MCP-1, NLRP3, IL-18, caspase-1 and ASC in omental fat, and decreased IL-6, MCP1, IL-1 beta, IL-18, caspase-1 and ASC gene expression in mesenteric fat. We observed differential gene expression between visceral and subcutaneous fat for IL-6 and IL-1 beta, both being downregulated by RYGB in visceral, and upregulated in subcutaneous depots. These changes in gene expression were accompanied by a decrease in NLRP3, ASC, IL-18, caspase-1 and IL-1 beta protein expression in omental tissue. We found a positive correlation between caspase-1, ASC, MCP-1, IL-18 and IL-6 gene expression following surgery and glucose AUC response in omental fat, while the change in glucose AUC response correlated with caspase-1 gene expression in subcutaneous fat. Conclusion This study demonstrates that bariatric surgery reverses inflammation in visceral adipose tissue by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These are the first data to implicate the NLRP3 inflammasome in diabetes remission after RYGB surgery.