Rational Design of Proteolytically Stable, Cell-Permeable Peptide-Based Selective Mcl-1 Inhibitors

Direct chemical modifications provide a simple and effective means to translate bioactive helical peptides into potential therapeutics targeting intracellular protein-protein interactions. We previously showed that distance-matching bisaryl cross-linkers can reinforce peptide helices containing two cysteines at the i and i+7 positions and confer cell permeability to the cross-linked peptides. Here we report the first crystal structure of a biphenyl-cross-linked Noxa peptide in complex with its target Mcl-1 at 2.0 angstrom resolution. Guided by this structure, we remodeled the surface of this cross-linked peptide through side-chain substitution and N-methylation and obtained a pair of cross-linked peptides with substantially increased helicity, cell permeability, proteolytic stability, and cell-killing activity in Mcl-1-overexpressing U937 cells.