Cage-Catalyzed Knoevenagel Condensation under Neutral Conditions in Water

A cationic coordination cage dramatically accelerates the Knoevenagel condensation of aromatic aldehydes in water under neutral conditions. The addition of a nucleophile to the aldehyde to generate anionic intermediates seems to be facilitated by the cationic environment of the cavity. The products are ejected from the cage as a result of the host-guest size discrepancy. As a result, the condensation is promoted by a catalytic amount of the cage.