Emissive RNA Alphabet

A fluorescent ribonucleoside alphabet consisting of highly emissive purine ((th)A, (th)G) and pyrimidine (U-th, C-th) analogues, all derived from thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidine as the heterocyclic nucleus, is described. Structural and biophysical analyses demonstrated that the emissive analogues are faithful isomorphic nucleoside surrogates. Photophysical analysis established that the nucleosides offer highly desirable qualities, including visible emission, high quantum yield, and responsiveness to environmental perturbations, traits entirely lacking in their native counterparts.