Controlled Morphogenesis of Organic Polyhedral Nanocrystals from Cubes, Cubooctahedrons, to Octahedrons by Manipulating the Growth Kinetics

Morphological control of organic nanocrystals (ONCs) is important in the fields ranging from specialty chemicals to molecular semiconductors. Although the thermodynamic shape can be readily predicted, most growth morphologies of ONCs are actually determined by kinetic factors and remain poorly understood. On the basis of the reduction of zinc tetraphenylporphyrin perchlorate (ZnTPP+ClO4-) with sodium nitrite (Na+NO2-), we synthesized two series of ONCs of aquozinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP center dot H2O), in the presence of either cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) as the capping ligands. As the cationic precursors of ZnTPP+ are separated in the solution phase, smoothly controlled release of ZnTPP center dot H2O building blocks via the reduction reaction facilitates the separation between the nucleation and growth stages during the formation of ONCs and provides a high and tunable supersaturation unavailable by employing conventional crystallization techniques. We found that CTAB mainly serve as the colloidal stabilizer, while selective adhesion of PVP on the {020}s facet alters the crystal habits significantly. In both cases, manipulation of the growth kinetics had been achieved by adjusting the concentration of ZnTPP center dot H2O growth units, and consequently, the supersaturation for the crystallization, thus yielding ONCs with well-controlled sizes and shapes. Remarkably, thermodynamically stable octahedrons have been obtained at high supersaturation in both CTAB and PVP cases.