Journal
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY
Volume 51, Issue 10, Pages 990-1002Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.07.008
Keywords
ADHD; cost of illness; societal costs; children; adults
Categories
Funding
- Shire Development LLC
- Pfizer
- Shire
- Agency for Health Research and Quality
- National Library of Medicine
- National Science Foundation
- Amgen
- Bayer Healthcare
- Biogen
- Bioscience
- Boston Scientific
- Covidien
- Doichi-Sankyo
- EMD Serono
- Endo
- Medtronic
- Merck
- Millennium
- Novartis
- Teva North America
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Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in children in the United States and often persists into adulthood with associated symptomatology and impairments. This article comprehensively reviews studies reporting ADHD-related incremental (excess) costs for children/adolescents and adults and presents estimates of annual national incremental costs of ADHD. Method: A systematic search for primary United States-based studies published from January 1, 1990 through June 30, 2011 on costs of children/adolescents and adults with ADHD and their family members was conducted. Only studies in which mean annual incremental costs per individual with ADHD above rion-ADHD controls were reported or could be derived were included. Per-person incremental costs were adjusted to 2010 U.S. dollars and converted to annual national incremental costs of ADHD based on 2010 U.S. Census population estimates, ADHD prevalence rates, number of household members, and employment rates by age group. Results: Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall national annual incremental costs of ADHD ranged from $143 to $266 billion (B). Most of these costs were incurred by adults ($105B-$194B) compared with children/adolescents ($38B-$72B). For adults, the largest cost category was productivity and income losses ($87B-$138B). For children, the largest cost categories were health care ($21B-$44B) and education ($15B-$25B). Spillover costs borne by the family members of individuals with ADHD were also substantial ($33B-$43B). Conclusion: Despite a wide range in the magnitude of the cost estimates, this study indicates that ADHD has a substantial economic impact in the United States. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2012;51(10):990-1002.
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