Journal
JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
Volume 127, Issue 6, Pages 3394-3410Publisher
ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS
DOI: 10.1121/1.3419774
Keywords
acoustic noise; acoustic wave absorption; acoustic wave scattering; bubbles; ocean waves; underwater sound
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Funding
- Office of Naval Research, Ocean Acoustics Division, ONR [N00014-07-1-1030]
- National Science Foundation, Division of Ocean Sciences [OCE 07-27140]
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A model for the underwater noise of whitecaps is presented and compared with the noise measured beneath plunging seawater laboratory waves. The noise from a few hundred hertz up to at least 80 kHz is assumed to be due to the pulses of sound radiated by bubbles formed within a breaking wave crest. The total noise level and its dependence on frequency are a function of bubble creation rate, bubble damping factor and an 'acoustical skin depth' associated with scattering and absorption by the bubble plume formed within the crest. Calculation of breaking wave noise is made using estimates of these factors, which are made independently of the noise itself. The results are in good agreement with wave noise measured in a laboratory flume when compensated for reverberation. A closed-form, analytical expression for the wave noise is presented, which shows a -11/6 power-law dependence of noise level on frequency, in good agreement with the -10/6 scaling law commonly observed in the open ocean. (C) 2010 Acoustical Society of America. [DOI: 10.1121/1.3419774]
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