Journal
JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
Volume 126, Issue 1, Pages 11-14Publisher
ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS
DOI: 10.1121/1.3132523
Keywords
acoustic noise; behavioural sciences; bioacoustics; foundations; impulse noise; mechanoception; offshore installations; steel; structural acoustics; underwater sound; wind turbines; zoology
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Funding
- Danish Energy Authority
- Vattenfall A/S
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Behavioral reactions of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) to underwater noise from pile driving were studied. Steel monopile foundations (4 m diameter) for offshore wind turbines were driven into hard sand in shallow water at Horns Reef, the North Sea. The impulsive sounds generated had high sound pressures [source level 235 dB re 1 mu Pa-pp at 1 m, transmission loss 18 log(distance)] with a strong low frequency emphasis but with significant energy up to 100 kHz. Reactions of porpoises were studied by passive acoustic loggers (T-PODs). Intervals between echolocation events (encounters) were analyzed, and a significant increase was found from average 5.9 h between encounters in the construction period as a whole to on average 7.5 h between first and second encounters after pile driving. The size of the zone of responsiveness could not be inferred as no grading in response was observed with distance from the pile driving site but must have exceeded 21 km (distance to most distant T-POD station).
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