Journal
JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
Volume 43, Issue -, Pages 33-62Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsg.2012.07.005
Keywords
Tectonic veins; Fractures; Rock failure; Fluid flow; Vein microstructure; Vein growth
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Funding
- DGMK (German Society for Petroleum and Coal Science and Technology) [718]
- ExxonMobil Production Deutschland GmbH
- GDF SUEZ E&P Deutschland GmbH
- RWE Dea AG
- Wintershall Holding GmbH within WEG Wirtschaftsverband Erdol- und Erdgasgewinnung e.V.
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Veins are common features in rocks and extremely useful structures to determine stress, strain, pressure, temperature, fluid composition and fluid origin during their formation. Here we provide an overview of the origin and terminology of veins. Contrary to the classical tripartite division of veins into syntaxial (inward growth), antitaxial (outward growth) and stretching veins (no consistent growth direction), we emphasise a continuum between syntaxial and stretching veins that form from the crack-seal process, as opposed to antitaxial veins that grow without the presence of an open fracture during growth. Through an overview of geochemical methods that can be applied to veins we also address the potential, but so far little-investigated link between microstructure and geochemistry. There are basically four mechanisms with increasing transport rates and concomitant decreasing fluid rock interaction: (1) diffusion of dissolved matter through stagnant pore fluid: (2) flow of fluid with dissolved matter through pores: (3) flow of fluid with dissolved matter through fractures and (4) movement of fractures together with the contained fluid and dissolved matter (mobile hydrofractures). A vein system is rarely the product of a single transport and mineral precipitation mechanism, as these vary strongly both in space and time within a single system. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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