Journal
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Volume 170, Issue 2, Pages 956-970Publisher
AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS
DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01204
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Funding
- Swedish Research Council [2010-5637]
- Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences, and Spatial Planning [2007:1169]
- Department of Organismal Biology
- Carl Trygger Foundation for Scientific Research [CTS 07:64, CTS 12:82]
- Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry [H-528]
- Magnus Bergvall Foundation
- Helge Ax:son Johnsons stipend
- Sernanders stipend
- P.O. Lundells stipend
- Studentkarens Nordiska stipend
- Nilsson Ehle stipend
- Nilsson Ehle Foundation
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Plant vascular tissues, xylem and phloem, differentiate in distinct patterns from procambial cells as an integral transport system for water, sugars, and signaling molecules. Procambium formation is promoted by high auxin levels activating class III homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-ZIP III) transcription factors (TFs). In the root of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), HD-ZIP III TFs dose-dependently govern the patterning of the xylem axis, with higher levels promoting metaxylem cell identity in the central axis and lower levels promoting protoxylem at its flanks. It is unclear, however, by what mechanisms the HD-ZIP III TFs control xylem axis patterning. Here, we present data suggesting that an important mechanism is their ability to moderate the auxin response. We found that changes in HD-ZIP III TF levels affect the expression of genes encoding core auxin response molecules. We show that one of the HD-ZIP III TFs, PHABULOSA, directly binds the promoter of both MONOPTEROS (MP)/AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR5, a key factor in vascular formation, and IAA20, encoding an auxin/indole acetic acid protein that is stable in the presence of auxin and able to interact with and repress MP activity. The double mutant of IAA20 and its closest homolog IAA30 forms ectopic protoxylem, while overexpression of IAA30 causes discontinuous protoxylem and occasional ectopic metaxylem, similar to a weak loss-of-function mp mutant. Our results provide evidence that HD-ZIP III TFs directly affect the auxin response and mediate a feed-forward loop formed by MP and IAA20 that may focus and stabilize the auxin response during vascular patterning and the differentiation of xylem cell types.
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