Journal
PLANT JOURNAL
Volume 84, Issue 6, Pages 1073-1086Publisher
WILEY-BLACKWELL
DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13057
Keywords
plant immunity; ethylene; Botrytis cinerea; oligogalacturonides; calcium-dependent protein kinases; Arabidopsis thaliana
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Funding
- European Research Council (ERC) [233083]
- Universita di Roma Sapienza PROGETTI AWARDS [2014 - C26H14CEJA]
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Plant immunity against pathogens is achieved through rapid activation of defense responses that occur upon sensing of microbe-or damage-associated molecular patterns, respectively referred to as MAMPs and DAMPs. Oligogalacturonides (OGs), linear fragments derived from homogalacturonan hydrolysis by pathogen-secreted cell wall-degrading enzymes, and flg22, a 22-amino acid peptide derived from the bacterial flagellin, represent prototypical DAMPs and MAMPs, respectively. Both types of molecules induce protection against infections. In plants, like in animals, calcium is a second messenger that mediates responses to biotic stresses by activating calcium-binding proteins. Here we show that simultaneous loss of calcium-dependent protein kinases CPK5, CPK6 and CPK11 affects Arabidopsis thaliana basal as well as elicitor-induced resistance to the necrotroph Botrytis cinerea, by affecting pathogen-induced ethylene production and accumulation of the ethylene biosynthetic enzymes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase 2 (ACS2) and 6 (ACS6). Moreover, ethylene signaling contributes to OG-triggered immunity activation, and lack of CPK5, CPK6 and CPK11 affects the duration of OG- and flg22-induced gene expression, indicating that these kinases are shared elements of both DAMP and MAMP signaling pathways.
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