Strawberry homologue of TERMINAL FLOWER1 integrates photoperiod and temperature signals to inhibit flowering

Photoperiod and temperature are major environmental signals affecting flowering in plants. Although molecular pathways mediating these signals have been well characterized in the annual model plant Arabidopsis, much less information is known in perennials. Many perennials including the woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) are induced to flower in response to decreasing photoperiod and temperature in autumn and they flower following spring. We showed earlier that, in contrast with Arabidopsis, the photoperiodic induction of flowering in strawberry occurs in short days (SD) when the decrease in FvFT1 (FLOWERING LOCUS T) and FvSOC1 (SUPPRESSOR OF THE OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1) expression leads to lower mRNA levels of the floral repressor, FvTFL1 (TERMINAL FLOWER1). By using transgenic lines and gene expression analyses, we show evidence that the temperature-mediated changes in the FvTFL1 mRNA expression set critical temperature limits for the photoperiodic flowering in strawberry. At temperatures below 13 degrees C, low expression level of FvTFL1 in both SD and long days (LD) allows flower induction to occur independently of the photoperiod. Rising temperature gradually increases FvTFL1 mRNA levels under LD, and at temperatures above 13 degrees C, SD is required for the flower induction that depends on the deactivation of FvSOC1 and FvTFL1. However, an unknown transcriptional activator, which functions independently of FvSOC1, enhances the expression of FvTFL1 at 23 degrees C preventing photoperiodic flowering. We suggest that the observed effect of the photoperiodxtemperature interaction on FvTFL1 mRNA expression may allow strawberry to induce flowers in correct time in different climates.