The bioaccumulation of Cd in rice grains in paddy soils as affected and predicted by soil properties

The area of cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil in China is increasing due to the rapid development of the Chinese economy. To ensure that the rice produced in China meets current food safety and quality standards, the current soil quality standards for paddy soils urgently need to be updated. We conducted a pot experiment with 19 representative paddy soils from different parts of China to study the effects of soil properties on bioaccumulation of Cd in rice grains. The experiment included a control, a low treatment concentration (0.3 mg kg(-1) for pH < 6.5 and 0.6 mg kg(-1) for pH a parts per thousand yenaEuro parts per thousand 6.5), and a high treatment concentration (0.6 mg kg(-1) for pH < 6.5 and 1.2 mg kg(-1) for pH a parts per thousand yenaEuro parts per thousand 6.5) of Cd salt added to soils. The results showed that the Cd content in grains of the control and low and high Cd treatments ranged from 0.021 to 0.14, 0.07 to 0.27, and 0.12 to 0.33 mg kg(-1), respectively. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that soil pH and organic carbon (OC) content could explain over 60 % of the variance in the (log-transformed) bioaccumulation coefficient (BCF) of Cd in grains across soils. Aggregated boosted trees analysis showed that soil pH and OC were the main factors controlling Cd bioavailability in paddy soils. Validation of the models against data from recent literature indicated that they were able to accurately predict the BCF in paddy soils. These quantitative relationships between the BCF of Cd in grains and soil properties are helpful for developing soil-specific guidance on Cd safety threshold value for paddy soils.