Effects of cultivars and water management on cadmium accumulation in water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.)

Background and aims Water spinach is a common leafy vegetable in Asia, with a strong ability to accumulate cadmium (Cd) in its edible parts. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of cultivar variation and water management on Cd accumulation in this plant. Methods Three experiments were conducted: a soil pot trial with 32 cultivars, a rhizobox trial with 4 cultivars under flooded and non-flooded conditions and an uptake kinetics trial with 2 cultivars. Results There were significant differences in Cd accumulation between the different cultivars, and Cd concentrations in shoots were significantly lower in the flooded (0.25-1.4, mean 0.90 mg kg(-1) DW) than in the non-flooded (1.9-4.7, 3.2 mg kg(-1)) treatments. Cultivars with a low Cd accumulation had a lower Cd bioavailability and mobility in the rhizosphere soil, higher Cd combined with Fe plaque on roots, lower Cd uptake capacity by roots, and lower Cd transfer factors than those with a high Cd accumulation. Conclusions Water spinach grown under anaerobic conditions effectively reduces Cd accumulation in edible parts. Low Cd-accumulating cultivars tend to possess a high ability to reduce Cd bioavailability in rhizosphere soil, as well as decrease Cd uptake, and translocation from root to shoot.