Journal
JOURNAL OF RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
Volume 6, Issue 4, Pages -Publisher
AMER INST PHYSICS
DOI: 10.1063/1.4885114
Keywords
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Funding
- program 'Fellowships for Young Energy Scientists' (YES!) of the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM) - Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)
- US National Science Foundation [NSF-CBET 1133800, OISE 1243482]
- Div Of Chem, Bioeng, Env, & Transp Sys
- Directorate For Engineering [1133800] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Office Of Internatl Science &Engineering
- Office Of The Director [1243482] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Fluctuations represent a major challenge for the incorporation of electric power from large wind-farms into power grids. Wind-farm power output fluctuates strongly in time, over various time scales. Understanding these fluctuations, especially their spatio-temporal characteristics, is particularly important for the design of backup power systems that must be readily available in conjunction with wind-farms. In this work we analyze the power fluctuations associated with the wind-input variability at scales between minutes to several hours, using large eddy simulations (LES) of extended wind-parks, interacting with the atmospheric boundary layer. LES studies enable careful control of parameters and availability of wind-velocities simultaneously across the entire wind-farm. The present study focuses on neutral atmospheric conditions and flat terrain, using actuator-disk representations of the individual wind-turbines. We consider power from various aggregates of wind-turbines such as the total average power signal, or signals from sub-averages within the wind-farm. Non-trivial correlations are observed due to the complex interactions between turbines placed downstream of each other, and they lead to noticeable spectral peaks at frequencies associated with the inter-turbine spacings when the wind-direction is completely fixed. In that case we observe that the frequency spectra of the total wind-farm output show a decay that follows approximately a -5/3 power-law scaling regime, qualitatively consistent with some observations made in field-scale operational wind-parks [J. Apt, The power spectrum of power from wind-turbines, J. Power Sources 169, 369 (2007)]. We find that these features are still observed when the wind-speed varies in magnitude. However, significant changes in the wind-direction over time tend to smooth out the observed spectral peak and reduce the extent of the observed -5/3 power-law. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.
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