Journal
JOURNAL OF PSYCHOSOMATIC RESEARCH
Volume 65, Issue 3, Pages 229-238Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.019
Keywords
cortisol; delirium; glucocorticoids; inflammation; sickness behaviors; stress
Categories
Funding
- MRC Clinician Scientist
- UK Medical Research Council
- University of Edinburgh
- Wellcome Trust Career Development Fellowship
- MRC [G108/646] Funding Source: UKRI
- Medical Research Council [G108/646, G0700704B] Funding Source: researchfish
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Delirium is a common and serious acute neuropsychiatric syndrome with core features of inattention and cognitive impairment, and associated features including changes in arousal, altered sleep-wake cycle, and other changes in mental status. The main risk factors are old age, cognitive impairment, and other comorbidities. Though delirium has consistent core clinical features, it has a very wide range of precipitating factors, including acute illness, surgery, trauma, and drugs. The Molecular mechanisms by which these precipitating factors lead to delirium are largely obscure. In this article, we attempt to narrow down some specific causal pathways. We propose a basic classification for the etiological factors: (a) direct brain insults and (b) aberrant stress responses. Direct brain insults are largely indiscriminate and include general and regional energy deprivation (e.g., hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, stroke), metabolic abnormalities (e.g., hyponatraemia, hypercalcaemia), and the effects of drugs. Aberrant stress responses are conceptually and mechanistically distinct in that they constitute adverse effects of stress-response pathways, which, in health, are adaptive. Ageing and central nervous system disease, two major predisposing factors for delirium, are associated with alterations in the magnitude or duration of stress and sickness behavior responses and increased vulnerability to the effects of these responses. We discuss in detail two stress response systems that are likely to be involved in the pathophysiology of delirium: inflammation and the sickness behavior response, and activity of the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. We Conclude by discussing the implications for future research and the development of new therapies for delirium. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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