Journal
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
Volume 256, Issue -, Pages 258-263Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.025
Keywords
NASICON-type Na3V2(PO4)(2)F-3; Sodium-ion battery; Ion-migration; Diffusion
Funding
- NNSF of China [51134007, 21003161, 21250110060]
- Program for the New Century Excellent Talents in University [NCET-11-0513]
- Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists of Hunan Province, China [13JJ1004]
- Fundamental Research Funds for Central South University [2013zzts159, 2012zzts059]
- Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of China for University Students
- Open-End Fund for the Valuable and Precision Instruments of Central South University [CSUZC2013004]
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NASICON-type Na3V2(PO4)(2)F-3 is employed as a promising cathode for sodium-ion batteries in order to explore the ion-migration mechanism and diffusion capability. Two kinds of Na sites, namely Na(1) site and Na(2) site exist in the crystal structure per formula unit to accommodate a total of three sodium ions. The ion at Na(2) site with half occupation extracts first and inserts the last due to its high chemical potential, while the whole extraction/insertion of two ions between 1.6 and 4.6 V vs. Na+/Na can produce three plateaus in charge/discharge processes because of the reorganization of ions. The first discharge capacity of 111.6 mAh g(-1) with retention of 97.6% after 50 cycles could be obtained by electrochemical testing at 0.091C. Electrochemical activation and/or structural reorganization of the system by cycling could improve the diffusion coefficient of sodium with a comparatively large magnitude of 10(-12) cm(2) s(-1), though many influences on the resistance factors also can be attributed to the cycling process. Such work is of fundamental importance to the progression of sodium-based batteries to be fully realized and be implemented over existing Li-ion based batteries. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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