Journal
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
Volume 224, Issue -, Pages 312-316Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.09.108
Keywords
Sodium-beta alumina batteries; Na-S battery; ZEBRA batteries; Hybrid system
Funding
- Laboratory-Directed Research and Development Program (LDRD) of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
- Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability's storage program
- Department of Energy [DE-AC05-76RL01830]
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High temperature (250-350 degrees C) sodium-beta alumina batteries (NBBs) are attractive energy storage devices for renewable energy integration and other grid related applications. Currently, two technologies are commercially available in NBBs, e.g., sodium-sulfur (Na-S) battery and sodium-metal halide (ZEBRA) batteries. In this study, we investigated the combination of these two chemistries with a mixed cathode. In particular, the cathode consisted of molten NaAlCl4 as a catholyte and a mixture of Ni, NaCl and Na2S as active materials. During cycling, two reversible plateaus were observed in cell voltage profiles, which matched electrochemical reactions for Na-S and Na-NiCl2 redox couples. An irreversible reaction between sulfur species and Ni was identified during initial charge at 280 degrees C, which caused a decrease in cell capacity. The final products on discharge included Na2Sn with 1 < n < 3, which differed from that of Na2S3 in traditional Na-S battery. This novel battery demonstrated a 50% increase in energy density over ZEBRA batteries. Despite of the initial drop in cell capacity, the mixed cathode demonstrated relatively stable cycling with more than 95% of cell capacity retained over 60 cycles. Optimization of the cathode may lead to further improvements in battery performance. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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