Above, Below, and In-Between the Two Glass Transitions of Ultrathin Free-Standing Polystyrene Films: Thermal Expansion Coefficient and Physical Aging

In previous work we observed two simultaneous transitions in high molecular weight (MW) free-standing polystyrene films that were interpreted as two thickness-dependent reduced glass transition temperatures (T(g)s). The weaker lower transition agreed well with the MW-dependent T-g(h) previously reported, while the much stronger upper transition matched the MW-independent T-g(h) previously observed in low-MW free-standing films. Here, we investigate the nature of these two transitions by inspecting the temperature dependence of the films' thermal coefficient of expansion (TCE) and present physical aging measurements using ellipsometry both below and in-between the two transitions. TCE values indicate approximately 80 to 90% of the film solidifies at the upper transition, while only 10 to 20% remains mobile to lower temperatures, freezing out at the lower transition. Physical aging is observed at a temperature below the upper transition, but above the lower transition, indicative of the upper transition being an actual glass transition associated with the alpha-relaxation. (C) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.