Journal
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
Volume 114, Issue 14, Pages -Publisher
AMER PHYSICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.144502
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Funding
- DTRA [HDTRA1-10-0021]
- National Science Foundation [NSF-DMR1206351]
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien
- Division Of Materials Research [1206351] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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We experimentally study nonlinear force propagation into granular material during impact from an intruder, and we explain our observations in terms of the nonlinear grain-scale force relation. Using highspeed video and photoelastic particles, we determine the speed and spatial structure of the force response just after impact. We show that these quantities depend on a dimensionless parameter, M' = t(c)v(0)/d, where v(0) is the intruder speed at impact, d is the particle diameter, and tc is the collision time for a pair of grains impacting at relative speed v(0). The experiments access a large range of M' by using particles of three different materials. When M' << 1, force propagation is chainlike with a speed, v(f), satisfying v(f) proportional to d/t(c). For larger M', the force response becomes spatially dense and the force propagation speed departs from v(f) proportional to d/t(c), corresponding to collective stiffening of a strongly compressed packing of grains.
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