Journal
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
Volume 115, Issue 19, Pages -Publisher
AMER PHYSICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.190601
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Funding
- CNPq
- CAPES
- FAPERJ
- FAPESP
- John Templeton Foundation [43467]
- CNPq Ciencia sem Fronteiras program through the Pesquisador Visitante Especial initiative [401265/2012-9]
- EU Collaborative Project TherMiQ [618074]
- COST Action [MP1209]
- Royal Society
- Newton Fund through the Newton Advanced Fellowship scheme [R1660101]
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Irreversibility is one of the most intriguing concepts in physics. While microscopic physical laws are perfectly reversible, macroscopic average behavior has a preferred direction of time. According to the second law of thermodynamics, this arrow of time is associated with a positive mean entropy production. Using a nuclear magnetic resonance setup, we measure the nonequilibrium entropy produced in an isolated spin-1/2 system following fast quenches of an external magnetic field. We experimentally demonstrate that it is equal to the entropic distance, expressed by the Kullback-Leibler divergence, between a microscopic process and its time reversal. Our result addresses the concept of irreversibility from a microscopic quantum standpoint.
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