Modeling Equilibrium Dynamics of the Benguela Current System

The Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) is used to systematically investigate equilibrium conditions and seasonal variations of the Benguela system at a resolution of 9 km, including both the large-scale offshore flow regime and the economically and ecologically important coastal upwelling regime. A shelf-edge poleward flow exists in the northern Benguela region (i.e., north of similar to 28 degrees S) and is driven primarily by the wind stress curl via the Sverdrup relation. As such, it is strongly seasonal and is most intense during spring and summer, when the wind stress curl is most negative. The poleward flow deepens as it moves southward; between similar to 25 degrees and 27 degrees S, much of it veers offshore because of the nature of the wind stress curl and its interaction with the northwestward path of the Benguela Current, which is influenced by alongshore topographical variations. The Benguela Current is driven by nonlinear interactions of passing Agulhas rings and eddies and does not have a striking seasonal signal. In the mean state, it is characterized by two streams. The more inshore stream is topographically controlled and follows the run of the shelf edge. The meandering nature of the offshore stream is a result of the preferential path of Agulhas rings. The model simulates all seven of the major upwelling cells within its domain. The three southernmost cells have the strongest seasonal signal and experience their greatest upwelling during spring and summer months, whereas the two northernmost cells have less seasonal variability but nevertheless have increased upwelling from autumn to spring (and least upwelling in summer), and the central Benguela upwelling cells experience year-round upwelling. The effect of topography on coastal upwelling was investigated by smoothing alongshore coastline and topography variations, which showed that, in all of the seven major upwelling cells, upwelling is enhanced on the downstream side of capes.