Journal
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C
Volume 117, Issue 1, Pages 49-57Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/jp3075767
Keywords
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Funding
- Asylum Research UK
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) of the UK
- Basic Technology project Molecular Spintronics
- Science City Advanced Materials Project 1: Creating and Characterizing Next Generation of Advanced Materials
- Advantage West Midlands (AWM)
- European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
- EPSRC [EP/G031088/1, EP/F041160/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/F041160/1, EP/G031088/1] Funding Source: researchfish
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We report a method of fabricating a high work function, solution processable vanadium oxide (V2Ox(sol)) hole-extracting layer. The atmospheric processing conditions of film preparation have a critical influence on the electronic structure and stoichiometry of the V2Ox(sol), with a direct impact on organic photovoltaic (OPV) cell performance. Combined Kelvin probe (KP) and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) measurements reveal a high work function, n-type character for the thin films, analogous to previously reported thermally evaporated transition metal oxides. Additional states within the band gap of V2Ox(sol) are observed in the UPS spectra and are demonstrated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to be due to the substoichiometric nature of V2Ox(sol). The optimized V2Ox(sol) layer performance is compared directly to bare indium tin oxide (ITO), poly(ethyleneoxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and thermally evaporated molybdenum oxide (MoOx) interfaces in both small molecule/fullerene and polymer/fullerene structures. OPV cells incorporating V2Ox(sol) are reported to achieve favorable initial cell performance and cell stability attributes.
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