Journal
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C
Volume 113, Issue 23, Pages 10097-10102Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/jp8095456
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Funding
- National Science Foundation [DMR-0314233]
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We investigate the morphology of Cu films electrodeposited onto silicon from an acidic sulfate electrolyte with the addition of a variable concentration of chloride anions. Addition of chloride increases grain size and the degree of grain faceting while decreasing the density of growth nuclei. Well-developed monocrystalline dendrites are formed in acidic sulfate solutions with high concentration of chloride. Dendrites form under growth conditions that either approach diffusion limitation, or occur within a potential range where different crystallographic faces exhibit a different potential dependence for chloride desorption. The presence of dendrites however is mainly related to the fact that the reduction route Cu2+ -> CuCl -> Cu becomes the rate-determining process in solutions with high chloride concentration; the rate of this reaction is largest at {110} planes, where the concentration of chloride anions is the highest, generating dendrites with branches along the {101} directions.
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