Revision of the Thermodynamics of the Proton in Gas Phase

Proton transfer is ubiquitous in various physical/chemical processes, and the accurate determination of the thermodynamic parameters of the proton in the gas phase is useful for understanding and describing such reactions. However, the thermodynamic parameters of such a proton are usually determined by assuming the proton as a classical particle whatever the temperature. The reason for such an assumption is that the entropy of the quantum proton is not always soluble analytically at all temperatures. Thereby, we addressed this matter using a robust and reliable self-consistent iterative procedure based on the Fermi-Dirac formalism. As a result, the free proton gas can be assumed to be classical for temperatures higher than 200 K. However, it is worth mentioning that quantum effects on the gas phase proton motion are really significant at low temperatures (T <= 120 K). Although the proton behaves as a classical particle at high temperatures, we strongly recommend the use of quantum results at all temperatures, for the integrated heat capacity and the Gibbs free energy change. Therefore, on the basis of the thermochemical convention that ignores the proton spin, we recommend the following revised values for the integrated heat capacity and the Gibbs free energy change of the proton in gas phase and, at the standard pressure (1 bar): triangle H0 -> T = 6.1398 kJ mol(-1) and triangle G0 -> T = -26.3424 kJ mol(-1). Finally, it is important noting that the little change of the pressure from 1 bar to 1 atm affects notably the entropy and the Gibbs free energy change of the proton.