Journal
JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY
Volume 45, Issue 1, Pages 164-175Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00630.x
Keywords
dinoflagellate; hemolytic; Kareniaceae; karlotoxin
Categories
Funding
- Australian Research Council Discovery [DP0557820]
- Australian-American Fulbright Commission as the Inaugural Tasmanian Fulbright Scholar
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Ocean Program
- University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute [NA04NOS4780276]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
- Center of Marine Biotechnology [08-186]
- ECOHAB [275]
- [U50/CCU 323376]
- Australian Research Council [DP0557820] Funding Source: Australian Research Council
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Toxin analysis of 15 species of Kareniaceae revealed the presence of karlotoxin, KmTx 2, in only a single species (Karlodinium veneficum) but with variable activity in strains from the Swan (Km(Swan)Tx 2-1, 2.1 pg . cell(-1); and Km(Swan)Tx 2-2, 0.53 pg . cell(-1)), Huon (Km(Huon)Tx 2, 0.86 pg . cell(-1)), and Derwent rivers (< 0.001 pg . cell(-1)) in Australia. A newly isolated Southern Ocean species, Karlodinium conicum, contained a novel poorly hemolytic karlotoxin analogue (Km(conicum)Tx, 2.8 pg . cell(-1)). The hemolytic potency (HD50%) of the Australian karlotoxins were as follows: Km(Swan)Tx 2-1 (65.9 +/- 4.8 ng) and Km(Swan)Tx 2-2 (63.4 +/- 3.7 ng), Km(Huon)Tx 2 (343 +/- 4.9 ng), and Km(conicum)Tx (> 4,000 ng). Species from the closely related genera Takayama (T. helix, T. tasmanica, T. tuberculata), Karenia (K. asterichroma, K. brevis, K. mikimotoi, K. papilionacea, K. umbella), and Karlodinium (Ka. australe, Ka. antarcticum, Ka. ballantinum, Ka. corrugatum, Ka. decipiens) were all consistently negative for karlotoxin production. Brevetoxin (PbTx) was only detected in K. brevis, and hemolytic activity was only observed in Ka. veneficum strains.
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