A module of a TiO2 nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cell with effective dimensions

As dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have advanced to large-scale applications from lab-level research, the large-scale performance has attracted much attention. Modules of DSSCs with size up to 10cm x 15cm have been investigated to optimize the efficiency, for effective application. Essentially, these modules have an extended structure with lab-scale works with the exception of the dimensions and methods for the series connection. The 10cm x 10cm modules have shown an efficiency of 6.3% without a scattering layer and over 6.6% with a scattering layer. While the fill factors of modules depend on the width of each TiO2 unit cell, they are much less dependent on the lengths of the unit cells. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.